Geographic Impact Assessment on the Performance and Cost Efficiency of Solar Photovoltaic (PV) Systems Across Nigerian Climatic Zones

Abstract

This study investigates the geographic impact on the performance and cost efficiency of solar photovoltaic (PV) systems across Nigeria's diverse climatic zones- arid, semi-arid, tropical rainforest, and mangrove. Using solar irradiance data, temperature profiles, and economic variables, the research analyzes how location influences energy output, and levelized cost of electricity (LCOE). Results reveal significant regional disparities: northern zones exhibit higher solar irradiance and system efficiency, while southern zones face reduced performance due to cloud cover and humidity. However, initial capital costs remain relatively uniform nationwide, making northern installations more cost-effective. The findings underscore the importance of location-specific planning for PV deployment to optimize energy yield and economic return. Finally, strategic recommendations for developers, policymakers, and investors are made in consideration of the technical and climatic conditions across the geographical regions in Nigeria, view of achieving higher efficiency and sustainability in solar PV installations.