Comparison of the Effectiveness of Time Perspective-Based Intervention and Emotional Efficacy on Physical Self-Description Components in Never-Married Women Experiencing the Climacteric Period

Abstract

The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of time perspective-based intervention and emotional efficacy on physical self-description components in never-married women experiencing the climacteric period. The research employed a quasi-experimental method with a pre-test, post-test, and follow-up design featuring a control group. Participants consisted of single women with no history of marriage who were experiencing the climacteric period; they were randomly assigned into three groups: time perspective training, emotional efficacy training, and a control group. Both intervention groups participated in several group therapy/training sessions, while the control group received no intervention. The research instrument included the Physical Self-Description Questionnaire (PSDQ) by Marsh et al. (2010), which was completed across the three stages of pre-test, post-test, and follow-up. Data were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) to examine the effects of time, group, and the time group interaction. The results indicated that both interventions, compared to the control group, led to a significant increase in physical self-description during the post-test and follow-up stages. Furthermore, in most components, the time perspective-based intervention demonstrated greater effectiveness than emotional efficacy, such that the increase in physical self-description in the time perspective group was more stable and exhibited a stronger effect size. These findings suggest that time perspective-based intervention can be utilized as an efficient approach to improving psychological constructs related to physical self-description in never-married women experiencing the climacteric period.