Pathogenesis and research progress of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma

Abstract

As the most prevalent cancer within the head-neck area, squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) makes up approximately 90% of all instances in this region. It is marked by a considerable probability of local re-occurrence, wide-spread metastasis to cervical lymph nodes, and typically poor overall survival rates. The progression of this condition is affected by numerous factors, regulated by the tumor micro-environment (including immune imbalance and non-immune components), and shows varied responses to treatment. Traditional methods like operation, radiotherapy, and chemo-therapy frequently result in functional restrictions. On the contrary, immune checkpoint inhibitors and combination therapy options present possible advantages yet face challenges, such as poor success ratios, lack of precise predictive indicators, fluctuations associated with HPV, and side effects from combined therapies. This examination emphasizes the basic biological characteristics of HNSCC and the latest therapeutic advancements, providing a basis for pinpointing accurate diagnostic indicators and improving customized treatment approaches.