Subchronic toxicity of ethanol extract of Biophytum umbraculum Welw. : Implications for kidney and liver function in mice Balb/C

Abstract

Background: Biophytum umbraculum (Welw. syn. Petersianum) is a plant endemic to Papua, Indonesia, containing several bioactive compounds, such as flavonoids, alkaloids, and saponins, which are known for their pharmacological potential. Although this plant has long been used in traditional medicine, scientific data regarding its safety profile remain limited. This study aimed to evaluate the subchronic toxicity of the ethanol extracts of B. umbraculum Welw. syn. petersianum administered orally for 28 days to mice (Mus musculus). Aim: This study aims to provide information to the public regarding the benefits of kebar grass extract as an estrogen hormone. Methods: Thirty male and female mice were randomly divided into four groups: a negative control group (0.5% Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose) and three treatment groups receiving the extract doses of 500, 1,000, and 2,000 mg/kg body weight. Parameters observed included clinical symptoms, body weight changes, relative organ weights, and blood biochemistry profiles (aminotransferase [AST], alanine aminotransferase [ALT], and creatinine levels). Results: No mortality or severe clinical signs were observed during the treatment period. Body weight increased steadily across all groups, although a significant decrease was noted in males receiving 2,000 mg/kgBW. The relative weights of vital organs (liver, kidneys, heart, lungs, stomach, intestines, and spleen) showed no significant differences compared to the control. Biochemical analysis revealed that AST, ALT, and creatinine levels remained within the normal physiological range, except for a slight increase in creatinine in the high-dose male group. Conclusion: Oral administration of the ethanol extract of B. umbraculum Welw. syn. petersianum at doses up to 2,000 mg/kgBW for 28 days did not produce significant toxic effects in mice, indicating a relatively safe profile. However, prolonged or high-dose use may pose potential renal stress and warrants further investigation.