Relationship between loneliness and self-efficacy: the mediating role of internet addiction and the moderating role of sleep quality

Abstract

This study aimed to examine the association between loneliness and self-efficacy among adolescents and to investigate whether internet addiction mediated this association and whether sleep quality moderated the direct and indirect pathways. Although previous research has demonstrated significant associations between loneliness and both general and social self-efficacy, the behavioral mechanisms underlying these associations and the conditions under which their strength may vary remain insufficiently understood. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 1,323 students in Grades 7–9 from two schools in Baotou, Inner Mongolia, China. Participants completed the UCLA Loneliness Scale, the General Self-Efficacy Scale, the Internet Addiction Diagnostic Questionnaire, and the Athens Insomnia Scale. A moderated mediation model was used to examine the mediating role of internet addiction and the moderating role of sleep quality in the association between loneliness and self-efficacy. Loneliness was negatively associated with self-efficacy. Internet addiction partially mediated the association between loneliness and self-efficacy. In addition, sleep quality moderated the direct association between loneliness and self-efficacy and the first stage of the indirect pathway from loneliness to internet addiction. Specifically, the associations of loneliness with self-efficacy and internet addiction varied across different levels of sleep quality. These findings provide a more comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms linking loneliness to adolescent self-efficacy by identifying internet addiction as an important behavioral mediator and sleep quality as a moderating factor. The findings highlight the importance of considering problematic Internet use and sleep quality when developing interventions aimed at promoting adolescents’ psychological adjustment, self-efficacy, and well-being.