Surface optimization, fabrication, in vitro investigation, and antifungal activity of Novasome nanovesicles loaded with Itraconazole

Abstract

Purpose: To develop, optimize, and characterize the antifungal activity of itraconazole-loaded novasomes (ILN) as a new nanovesicular delivery system.Methods: The modified ethanol injection method was used to formulate the ITZ-loaded novasomes. The Box Behnken design was utilized for optimization of formulations and to evaluate the effect of formulation variables on vesicle size, polydispersity (PDI), and entrapment efficiency (EE %). Furthermore, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used for characterization, and antifungal activity was evaluated using Mueller-Hinton agar.Results: The optimized formula demonstrated a vesicle size of about 299.1 nm, PDI of 0.2815, and a high EE of 99 %. The FTIR spectra confirmed no chemical interaction between itraconazole and the excipients. Also, SEM images showed spherical, smooth surfaces of itraconazole-loaded novasomes without aggregation or visible drug crystals, suggesting good drug encapsulation. Antifungal testing of ILN against Candida tropicalis produced an inhibition zone diameter of 10 mm.Conclusion: Itraconazole-loaded novasomes showed improved physicochemical properties. The recommended delivery system represents a promising approach for enhancing the solubility and therapeutic efficacy of itraconazole.