Potential Strategies and Novel Therapeutics for Attention-deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Abstract

Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental condition that mostly affects children and mainly includes inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. Although the etiology of ADHD remains elusive, it encompasses a variety of genetic, individual, environmental, neurological, and psychological factors along with some associated disorders like Fragile X syndrome, anxiety, etc. Dysregulated dopaminergic and noradrenergic neurotransmitters are largely linked to ADHD. ADHD's pathophysiology is complex and polygenic, making it challenging to identify the genes responsible for the disorder. Various pharmacological and nonpharmacological treatments are currently in use to manage ADHD. An emerging area in the treatment of ADHD includes the use of antioxidants, machine learning, transcranial electric current stimulant technique, and telemedicine along with virtual, augmented, and mixed reality technologies, which are important for improving disease outcomes, addressing unmet needs, and providing individuals with more options for managing their symptoms.