From Botanical Characteristics to Conservation: An Integrative Review of the Ethnobotanical and Phytochemical Significance of Pterospermum xylocarpum (Gaertn.) Santapau and Wagh

Abstract

Pterospermum xylocarpum (Gaertn.) Santapau and Wagh a member of the Malvaceae family, it is a tree with significant ethnobotanical value and promise as a source of bioactive phytochemicals. With an emphasis on the species phenology, habit, morphology, ethnobotanical uses, phytochemical characteristics, and conservation status, the current review offers a thorough summary of the material currently known on the species. In addition to making identification easier, the species unique vegetative and reproductive characteristics help it adapt to its environment. Its traditional applications and acknowledgment as a medicinal tree in India demonstrate its ethnobotanical significance. Its potential for medicinal and nutraceutical uses has been highlighted by recent phytochemical studies, especially the qualitative profile of fruits, which have revealed tannins, saponins, reducing sugars, and alkaloids in various solvent extracts. However, information on the species is still very sparse when compared to a number of better-studied medicinal plants, especially when it comes to comprehensive pharmacological validation and conservation-focused research. The long-term viability of such medicinal plant resources may be threatened by increasing anthropogenic demand, habitat modification, and insufficient recording. Consequently, it is crucial to systematically record its phenology, morphology, traditional knowledge, phytochemistry, and population status. In order to support Pterospermum xylocarpum (Gaertn.) Santapau and Wagh’s sustainable use and future research, this review highlights the need for additional phytochemical, pharmacological, ecological, and conservation investigations.