Greenhouse Gases and Global Warming: Environmental, Health Impacts and Sustainable Mitigation Strategies

Abstract

Background Greenhouse gases (GHGs) naturally regulate the Earth’s climate; however, increasing human-caused emissions intensify the greenhouse effect, resulting in global warming and climate change. The major anthropogenic GHGs include carbon dioxide (CO₂), methane (CH₄), nitrous oxide (N₂O), and fluorinated gases. Objective This study examined the environmental and health consequences of rising GHG concentrations and evaluated sustainable, technological, and policy-based mitigation strategies to address this issue. Methods A structured narrative review and analytical approach were employed using peer-reviewed literature, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change reports, international environmental agreements, government publications; and authoritative health and environmental reports. Evidence was thematically analyzed across climate, ecosystems, resources, agriculture, health, mitigation; and adaptation. Results Increased GHG levels contribute to rising temperatures, altered precipitation, glacier loss, sea-level rise, biodiversity decline, water scarcity, and agricultural challenges. The associated health risks include heat-related illnesses, respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, infectious diseases, and food insecurity. Conclusion Addressing global warming requires integrated mitigation and adaptation supported by renewable energy, sustainable agriculture, conservation, technological innovation, effective governance, public participation, international cooperation; and interdisciplinary research.