PhantomSeal: Proactive Deepfakes Defense with Identity/Context Protection and Forensic Tracing

Abstract

Deepfakes, especially face-swapping attacks, pose significant challenges to authenticity, security, and ethics across science, engineering, and society. While most existing detection/tracing approaches operate post hoc, proactive defenses that aim to intervene before deepfake generation remain limited in terms of real-world effectiveness. In this paper, we present PhantomSeal, the first proactive defense to simultaneously protect both the identity and the context of users'images from being used in face-swapping attacks, while supporting forensic tracing. We present a novel cloaking technique that embeds a selected identity as a stealthy identifier. This mechanism steers the deepfake generation process toward producing content that resembles the chosen cloak identity, thereby preventing successful face-swapping while enabling effective feature-based forensic analysis. The effectiveness and robustness of PhantomSeal is demonstrated in extensive experiments across different face-swapping architectures and models. For example, it reduces the attack success rate of SimSwap, an advanced deepfake model, to 0.30%, and correctly identifies 97.97% of manipulated content. The source codes is available at https://github.com/LiangqinRen/PhantomSeal.