Digital Sequence Information (DSI) on Genetic Resources and ABS-System: Challenges and Concerns for India

Abstract

Digital Sequence Information (DSI) on genetic resources has emerged as one of the most debated issues under the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and the Nagoya Protocol, particularly in relation to Access and Benefit Sharing (ABS). Advances in genomic sequencing and bioinformatics have enabled the utilization of genetic information without physical access to biological resources, creating significant legal, ethical and policy challenges. For biodiversity-rich developing countries such as India, the existing ABS framework under the Biological Diversity Act, 2002, was primarily designed for tangible genetic resources and offered limited clarity regarding DSI. This study examines the evolving concept of DSI, its significance for biodiversity conservation and sustainable use and the challenges associated with ensuring fair and equitable benefit sharing. It further discusses the implications of open-access sequence databases, traceability, prior informed consent and protection of indigenous communities' rights. The study concludes that although DSI has immense potential to advance scientific research, food security and climate resilience, an appropriate legal and policy framework is essential to balance open scientific access with equitable benefit sharing for provider countries and local communities.