Understanding the low uptake of agroforestry measures in Italy: evidence from CAP implementation and stakeholder perspectives

Abstract

Agroforestry systems represent a multifunctional land-use approach capable of enhancing numerous ecosystem services, including biodiversity, soil conservation, and climate resilience, as well as promoting farm income diversification by fostering sustainable quality production. However, despite active policy support since 2007 under the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), their adoption in Italy remains limited. This study investigates the reasons behind the low uptake of agroforestry measures across three CAP programming periods through a sequential mixed-method design. It begins with a financial and policy analysis to delineate the implementation framework, followed by survey-based econometric modeling to explore behavioural and institutional factors involved.The financial analysis reveals a narrow implementation framework and low expenditure levels, with only a few regions effectively activating the agroforestry measures. The survey results further highlight the behavioural and institutional constraints shaping participation: awareness, technical capacity, and direct experience are associated with a higher willingness to apply, whereas limited knowledge, bureaucratic complexity, and perceived inadequacy of financial support are frequently reported as key barriers. Strengthening training, communication, and policy coherence could therefore promote agroforestry adoption in future CAP cycles.