Performance Enhancement of a Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna Using Golden Ratio Technique

Abstract

The design and simulation of a rectangular microstrip patch antenna based on the golden ratio that operates at 2.0, 2.4, 3.0, and 5.0 GHz for wireless communication applications are presented in this study. An FR4 glass-reinforced epoxy substrate with a dielectric constant of 4.4 and a thickness of 1.6 mm is used to manufacture the antenna. For appropriate impedance matching, a quarter-wave transformer feed is utilized. The golden ratio is a revolutionary mathematical technique used in the suggested design to optimize the antenna’s dimensions and improve its performance. Simulation results obtained using ANSYS HFSS 15 demonstrate significant improvements in antenna characteristics compared to the conventional design. The return loss is improved from −15.14 dB to −29.22 dB at 2 GHz, −27.69 dB to −32.62 dB at 2.4 GHz, −22.04 dB to −25.38 dB at 3 GHz, and −34.95 dB to −40.50 dB at 5 GHz. The VSWR is reduced from 1.42 to 1.07 at 2 GHz, 1.08 to 1.04 at 2.4 GHz, 1.17 to 1.11 at 3 GHz, and 1.036 to 1.019 at 5 GHz. In addition, the impedance bandwidth is enhanced from 34 MHz to 60 MHz at 2 GHz, 22.75 MHz to 70 MHz at 2.4 GHz, 80 MHz to 100 MHz at 3 GHz, and 190 MHz to 230 MHz at 5 GHz, with the maximum bandwidth achieved at 5 GHz. The simulated radiation patterns at 0° and 90° are directional in nature, while the E-plane and H-plane patterns exhibit similar characteristics, indicating near-circular polarization with low cross-polarization levels. Owing to its enhanced bandwidth, improved impedance matching, and excellent radiation characteristics, the proposed antenna is well suited for Wi-Fi, WLAN, and other modern wireless communication applications.