Numerical Analysis of Heat Transfer Efficiency in a Two-Phase Non-Newtonian Nanofluid Model with Chemical Reaction

Abstract

Second-grade nanofluids are both flexible and viscous, which is why they are valuable in thermal manufacturing, the polymer industry, and biological procedures. Whether injection or suction is used, an increase in the fluid parameter, porosity, or inertia coefficient results in a lower velocity. The thickness of the thermal boundary layer rises as thermal radiation, Brownian motion, and thermophoresis become more significant. Higher Schmidt numbers, faster chemical reactions, larger bioconvection Lewis numbers, and greater Peclet numbers all cause the density of the microorganisms to decrease. Although previous studies have looked at Darcy and Forchheimer porous resistance, bioconvection, suction or injection, curved stretching surfaces, and various thermal boundary conditions individually, the combined effect of these factors has not been thoroughly examined. This study examines the flow of a nanofluid containing swimming microorganisms over a curved stretching surface under Newtonian heating and a steady wall temperature. The model includes heat radiation, internal heat generation, random particle motion, thermophoresis, and chemical reactions. Solving the equations with MATLAB's bvp4c solver provides insights that may help explain and improve the design of biological and heat systems, including microbial fuel cells, bioreactors, and groundwater cleaning methods.