Niobium-Doped Nanofiber Reinforcement of Low-Viscosity Bulk-Fill Resin Composites: Physicomechanical Properties and Mineral Deposition Potential

Abstract

Background: Bulk-fill resin composites have limitations regarding depth of cure and often lack bioactive functionality, which may compromise their long-term clinical performance. Purpose: This in vitro study evaluated the effects of incorporating niobium-doped nanofibers (Nb-NFs) on the physicomechanical properties and bioactive potential of an experimental low-viscosity bulk-fill resin composite. Methods: Three groups were investigated: BF (experimental resin; negative control), BFflow-fiber (experimental resin containing 1 wt% Nb-NFs), and S-PRG (commercial bioactive resin; positive control). Surface hardness (SH) was measured on the top and bottom surfaces using Knoop microhardness testing (n = 6), and depth of cure (DoC) was calculated as the bottom-to-top hardness ratio, with a value of ≥80% considered acceptable. Surface roughness (SR; n = 6) was assessed using profilometry. Mineral deposition was analysed using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) after 21 days of immersion in simulated body fluid. The data were analysed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey’s test (p < 0.05). Results: The incorporation of Nb-NFs significantly increased SH on both surfaces (p < 0.05) but reduced DoC (p < 0.05). FTIR revealed phosphate bands characteristic of calcium phosphate formation, while XRD indicated initial apatite nucleation. Surface roughness remained comparable to that of the control groups. Conclusions: Nb-NFs represent a promising reinforcement strategy for bioactive bulk-fill composites; however, further optimisation is required to improve the depth of cure before clinical application.