Transethosomes in Modern Pharmaceutics: Preparation, Characterization, and Clinical Potential

Abstract

Transethosomes (TEs) are novel, ultra-deformable nanocarriers that have gained significant attention in recent years for their potential in enhancing transdermal and targeted drug delivery. These vesicles are composed of phospholipids, ethanol, water, and edge activators, which synergistically provide them with high flexibility, stability, and efficient penetration across biological barriers. Unlike conventional vesicular systems, TEs demonstrate superior drug encapsulation capacity, improved permeability, and enhanced therapeutic outcomes, making them suitable for delivering both hydrophilic and lipophilic molecules. The development and performance of TEs are largely influenced by formulation parameters, such as phospholipid bilayer composition, vesicle elasticity, and preparation methods. Critical characteristics—including entrapment efficiency (EE), drug content, deformability index, and in vitro release—are determined using established techniques such as ultracentrifugation, spectrophotometry, high-performance liquid chromatography, extrusion assays, and Franz diffusion cells. Stability studies, evaluating both physical and chemical properties, are crucial to maintain the structural integrity and biological function of TEs, as they are prone to aggregation, drug leakage, and chemical degradation during storage. Beyond their physicochemical advantages, TEs offer remarkable therapeutic benefits by facilitating targeted delivery, controlled release, and reduced systemic side effects. They have been successfully explored for delivering a wide range of therapeutic agents, including small molecules, hydrophilic drugs, and lipid-based formulations, across various administration routes. Their ability to overcome limitations of traditional delivery systems positions them as a highly versatile drug delivery strategy with promising clinical applications. Overall, TEs represent a next-generation nanocarrier platform with the potential to transform drug delivery approaches, opening avenues for more efficient, stable, and patient-friendly therapeutic systems. Keywords: Transethosomes, nano-carrier, ultra-deformable, edge activator, entrapment efficiency.