Advancing Electronic-Grade 2D Materials: Challenges, Opportunities, and Vision

Abstract

Two-dimensional (2D) materials have rapidly expanded from the initial discovery of graphene into a diverse family of atomically thin systems, including mono-elemental layers, transition and post-transition metal chalcogenides, oxides, carbides, and nitrides. Their exceptional physical and chemical properties offer tremendous opportunities in nanoelectronics, optoelectronics, catalysis, and quantum technologies. Yet, achieving electronic-grade performance requires substantial advances in scalable synthesis, atomic-level defect control, long-term stability, and large-area integration. This roadmap provides a comprehensive overview of recent progress and persisting challenges across the major classes of 2D materials. Emphasis is placed on synthesis strategies, atomic defect design and characterization, environmental and operational stability, and wafer-scale growth and integration. Leading and emerging applications, from advanced electronic and optoelectronic devices to catalytic platforms and quantum architectures, are discussed here as well. By tracing the convergence of advances in growth, characterization, and device engineering, the roadmap identifies key directions for bridging fundamental science and practical technologies.