ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY OF NATIONAL ECONOMIC SYSTEMS IN THE CONTEXT OF GLOBAL ENERGY AND RESOURCE INSTABILITY

Abstract

Against the backdrop of global instability in energy and resource markets, ensuring the environmentally balanced development of national economies has become a top priority. For Ukraine, which has overcome the consequences of the armed conflict, remains dependent on fossil fuels, and is integrated into the European energy system, this task is complicated by many factors. The fragmentation of environmental regulations, the obsolescence of industrial infrastructure, and poor coordination among government agencies are hindering the transition to a “green” economic model. The aim of this article is a comprehensive study of the environmental sustainability of Ukraine’s economy in the context of global energy and resource instability. The paper identifies key elements of sustainability–the degree of energy sovereignty, resource consumption intensity, institutional effectiveness, and the level of environmental awareness–along with an analysis of the main obstacles in each area. The study analyzes geopolitical factors destabilizing supply chains and the role of international climate mechanisms (carbon regulation, “green” bonds) in enhancing the economy’s adaptability. Energy transition scenarios for solar, wind, hydro, and bioenergy are examined, with a differentiation of potential benefits and limitations. Particular attention is paid to the implementation of circular models in industry, construction, and the agricultural sector, the adaptation of international environmental standards, and the development of environmental monitoring systems. Key actors in the environmental transition–from state regulators to local communities–are systematized. Strategic priorities include the modernization of energy infrastructure, the development of distributed generation from renewable energy sources, tax incentives for resource conservation, and the expansion of recycling capacities. Together, these measures will increase Ukraine’s resilience to external shocks and strengthen its position in the clean technology market.