Knowledge of breast cancer, risk factors and symptoms among males and females in Botswana

Abstract

Background: Breast cancer is a major cause of death among African females, often diagnosed late due to limited knowledge about the disease. In Botswana, where late-stage presentation is common, there is limited information on the knowledge levels of breast cancer, its risk factors and symptoms among both male and female. Objectives: This study aimed to assess knowledge levels of breast cancer, its risk factors and symptoms among both male and female in Botswana. Method: A cross-sectional survey collected demographic and breast cancer knowledge data from adult male and female patients in public hospital outpatient departments of Botswana using a structured questionnaire. Results: Most (69.3%) of the 228 participants were female. Most (90.5% female, 82.9% male) viewed breast cancer as a serious illness, 95.6% hereditary (96.2% female, 94.3% male) and 88.6% (90% male, 87.9% female) recognised the importance of early detection. Less than 15% of all respondents correctly identified breast cancer risk factors. Odds of knowledge about breast cancer (Adjusted Odds Ratio [AOR] = 1.31, Confidence Interval [CI] = 1.01–2.78), symptoms (AOR = 4.29, CI = 1.28–6.72) and risk factors (AOR = 1.17, CI = 1.02–2.34) were significantly higher among female participants than male participants. Conclusion: There is a need for health educational programmes tailored to specific demographics, including both male and female, that address key risk factors and symptoms for enhanced breast cancer awareness and early detection. Contribution: Our study adds to the literature on the importance of shifting from general awareness campaigns to targeted educational initiatives that equip individuals with the knowledge and tools to make informed decisions about their health and seek timely medical care when needed.