3D‐Printed Biomedical Materials for Personalized Medicine: Materials, Manufacturing Strategies, Translational Applications, and Future Perspectives

Abstract

Personalized medical treatment aims to tailor diagnosis and treatment plans to individual patients, accounting for differences in anatomical structure, gene expression, and lesion microenvironment. Traditional mold‐based manufacturing methods can hardly produce implants that perfectly match unique patient lesions. Three‐dimensional (3D) bioprinting has grown from simple shape replication to microscale biomimetic manufacturing and active therapeutic devices, supported by continuous progress in smart biomaterials, high‐precision printing equipment, and cell‐compatible bioinks. This review systematically compares traditional manufacturing with 3D bioprinting, summarizes the design principles of patient‐matched repair scaffolds, and outlines the major application directions, including patient‐derived disease models and real‐time sensing therapeutic devices. It also examines the key obstacles restricting clinical translation, including insufficient vascularization of large tissue grafts, uncertain long‐term material safety, and inconsistent global medical device approval standards. Furthermore, an artificial intelligence (AI)–multi‐omics integrated design framework is proposed to guide future biomaterial development. By connecting basic materials research with clinical needs, this review aims to provide clear technical pathways toward next‐generation individualized precision repair technologies.