SpxA1 and SpxA2 function as a stoichiometry-dependent regulatory rheostat governing virulence gene expression in group A Streptococcus

Abstract

ABSTRACT Group A Streptococcus (GAS) is a human-restricted pathogen whose global incidence has surged in the post-COVID era. The ability of GAS to shift from a colonizing to invasive phenotype depends on coordinated virulence gene regulation in response to host-derived signals. However, the mechanisms by which individual stress-sensing systems interact to reshape the virulence gene regulatory landscape remain incompletely understood. Here, we define the regulatory programs of two conserved transcriptional regulator paralogs, SpxA1 and SpxA2, using an integrated multi-omic approach combining RNA-seq, data-independent acquisition proteomics, NanoString-based transcriptional profiling across multiple host-relevant stress conditions, and chromatin immunoprecipitation with exonuclease treatment (ChIP-exo). RNA-seq revealed functionally distinct regulons with SpxA1 governing oxidative stress defense and SpxA2 coordinating virulence-associated gene expression linked to the CovRS two-component regulatory system. Proteomic analysis established SpxA2 as a ClpXP protease substrate in GAS and identified reciprocal paralog accumulation upon loss of either SpxA1 or SpxA2, consistent with compensatory transcriptional upregulation. NanoString profiling under bacitracin and human neutrophil peptide-1 challenge identified four gene modules with distinct stoichiometry-dependent and condition-dependent regulatory logic, revealing that the SpxA1/SpxA2 ratio rather than the activity of either paralog alone determines which transcriptional programs are engaged. ChIP-exo demonstrated that SpxA2 directly modulates CovR-DNA binding occupancy in a CovR-binding motif-dependent manner, simultaneously antagonizing CovR dimer binding at an extended (25 bp) CovR motif and facilitating CovR monomer binding at the canonical ATTARA motif. These findings establish the LiaFSR-SpxA2-CovRS axis as a cross-regulatory circuit through which GAS cell envelope stress sensing is directly transduced into coordinated virulence gene regulatory changes. IMPORTANCE Group A Streptococcus (GAS) causes millions of infections annually, including a recent global surge in invasive disease. To survive in the human host, GAS must rapidly reprogram virulence gene expression in response to host-derived stresses. This study characterizes two conserved transcriptional regulators, SpxA1 and SpxA2, that govern this response through interaction with RNA polymerase to indirectly influence the DNA-binding activity of downstream transcription factors. We show that SpxA2, activated by a cell envelope stress-sensing system responding to human antimicrobial peptides, reshapes the binding of the master virulence regulator CovR in a promoter-specific manner, coupling cell envelope stress sensing to virulence gene regulation. The stoichiometric balance between SpxA1 and SpxA2 functions as a regulatory rheostat calibrating overall virulence gene regulatory tone, providing a framework for understanding how RNA polymerase-interacting regulators coordinate stress responses and virulence gene control across Gram-positive bacterial pathogens. Group A Streptococcus (GAS) causes millions of infections annually, including a recent global surge in invasive disease. To survive in the human host, GAS must rapidly reprogram virulence gene expression in response to host-derived stresses. This study characterizes two conserved transcriptional regulators, SpxA1 and SpxA2, that govern this response through interaction with RNA polymerase to indirectly influence the DNA-binding activity of downstream transcription factors. We show that SpxA2, activated by a cell envelope stress-sensing system responding to human antimicrobial peptides, reshapes the binding of the master virulence regulator CovR in a promoter-specific manner, coupling cell envelope stress sensing to virulence gene regulation. The stoichiometric balance between SpxA1 and SpxA2 functions as a regulatory rheostat calibrating overall virulence gene regulatory tone, providing a framework for understanding how RNA polymerase-interacting regulators coordinate stress responses and virulence gene control across Gram-positive bacterial pathogens.