From Data to Decisions: The Role of Low-Cost PM 2.5 Air Pollution Monitoring Technologies in Addressing Disparate Conditions in Vulnerable Communities

Abstract

This review examines the intersection of low-cost PM 2.5 monitoring technologies, dashboards, and environmental justice, with a focus on vulnerable communities. While regulatory monitoring networks led by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency have reduced air pollution nationally, gaps in spatial coverage continue to limit understanding of local exposure disparities. The literature shows that low-cost sensors improve spatial and temporal monitoring resolution, enabling detection of local pollution hotspots and supporting community-level assessment, though challenges related to calibration, data quality, and accessibility remain. Dashboards translate air quality data into accessible formats that can improve environmental literacy and the communication of risk when designed with clear messaging and attention to data interpretation. Community-engaged monitoring initiatives demonstrate that combining localized sensing with accessible visualization can increase awareness, support protective behaviors, and strengthen community participation in decision-making. Evidence of direct policy change remains limited, but several projects indicate that community-generated data can influence regulatory discussions, monitoring expansion, and targeted interventions. Overall, integrating low-cost sensing, dashboard-based communication, and community-centered design shows promise for advancing environmental health equity through sustained investment in data quality, accessibility, and long-term engagement.