An IoT–Blockchain Framework for Halal Poultry Traceability, Automated Recall and Quality Assurance

Abstract

Poultry supply chains need to comply with Shariah requirements when supplying halal meat, which requires continuous quality improvement and multi-stakeholder inspection. However, current traceability systems have centralized opaque characteristics, fragmented records, and slow detection of anomalies, leading to food safety vulnerabilities and impractical recall protocols. To overcome these challenges, this paper presents an intelligent blockchain and Internet of Things (IoT)-based traceability system with a permissioned Hyperledger Fabric consortium network. A hybrid off-chain storage architecture supports scalable monitoring without ledger congestion: TimescaleDB stores high-frequency IoT sensor data (e.g., temperature and GPS), MinIO warehouses compliance documentation, while only immutable cryptographic hashes are stored on-chain to guarantee the integrity of the data. Halal governance is digitalized using role-based smart contracts that trigger real-time alerts, batch blocking, and automated recall upon environmental threshold breaches. Performance evaluation via Hyperledger Caliper indicates the system achieves 275 write transactions per second, a 300 TPS read throughput, an optimized read latency of 5 ms, and a write latency of less than 36 ms. Validated as a laboratory concept, this decentralized framework demonstrates proactive quality assurance, mitigates ledger bloat, and enhances halal-integrity trust.