The Public Health Impact of Active Tuberculosis Infection Case Finding: A Case Study of Anambra South Senatorial Zone

Abstract

Tuberculosis (TB) remains a significant global public health concern, particularly in resource limited settings like Nigeria. This study investigates the public health implications of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) infection Active Case Finding (ACF) in Anambra South Senatorial Zone, Nigeria. An Analytical and cross-sectional research design was employed to collect data on TB prevalence, risk factors, and associated socio-demographic characteristics. A total of 400 participants were systematically recruited using random sampling across four Local Government Areas (LGAs) in the district. An In-depth Interview and a pre-tested questionnaire were deployed and specimens, including sputum and blood samples, were collected and analyzed using GeneXpert MTB/RIF diagnostic technology to confirm TB infection and ELISA for the confirmation of HIV infection. The study reported an overall TB infection prevalence of 9%, with the highest burden observed in Ihiala (17%) and Orumba South (9%). Prevalence was higher in males (12%) than females (6%), and the age group 45 - 54 years showed the highest infection rate (16.4%). Key risk factors included smoking (50% prevalence) and clustered housing (50% prevalence). However, no significant association was found between TB prevalence and marital status or HIV infection. There was low awareness of TB infection, the Risk Factors and prevention practices awareness in Ihiala and Orumba South Local Government Areas when compared with Nnewi North and Orumba North. The findings highlight the urgent need for tailored interventions, including gender-sensitive TB care programs, enhanced awareness campaigns, and strengthened healthcare infrastructure to support TB control efforts. Active Case Finding has proven effective in early detection and treatment, but challenges such as inadequate infrastructure, low awareness, and underfunding persist. This study emphasizes the importance of addressing gaps in TB awareness and environmental risk factors associated with TB transmission. Recommendationsinclude increased health budget allocations, targeted awareness programs, tobacco cessation initiatives, and the establishment of mobile TB clinics. These interventions are crucial for reducing the TB burden, improving health outcomes, and preventing further spread of the disease in Anambra South Senatorial District and similar regions.