This paper proposes a defense mechanism called Consensus-Level Restriction for Ethereum Classic that limits the number of sequential blocks from a single miner to reduce the feasibility of 51% attacks.
Abstract
Blockchain technology provides a decentralized and secure data-management system. However, PoW consensus remains vulnerable to the risk of 51% attacks, where a single miner or pool controls over half of the network and can manipulate blocks and execute double-spending. This paper proposes a defense mechanism called Consensus-Level Restriction (CLR) for Ethereum Classic. It limits the number of sequential blocks from a single miner to reduce the feasibility of 51% attacks. We evaluated the effectiveness of CLR by using BlockSim simulator. Results show that CLR reduces the success rate of 51% attacks while maintaining a decentralized structure. This work strengthens blockchain security without compromising PoW principles.
The 51% attack remains one of the significant security concern in Proof-of-Work (PoW) blockchains, where increasing hash-power concentration can create a malicious majority-control risk and enable adversarial chain reorganization. This paper proposes a two-layer defense that combines early hash-power monitoring with ch...
This survey reviews blockchain consensus from a security-oriented lens and links distributed-systems fundamentals to concrete attack vectors and defense mechanisms and outlines open problems including the post-quantum cryptographic transition, cross-shard security and atomicity in sharded consensus, and adaptive defens...
Blockchain is an efficient method to manage and secure data, but scalability remains a limitation. The proposed work concentrates on a novel consensus algorithm, Proof of Useful Work-Authorization-Storage Availability. It underlines the challenges of scalability and trust issues on blockchain-based smart contracts. The...
Kolli Lalitha Kumari, P. Kumari· Sigma Journal of Engineering...· 0 citations
Nevertheless, the integrity of transactional records remains subject to attacks by malicious data tampering, failure of a central node, insider attacks, and transaction repudiation, especially if the records are stored in one centrally controlled database. In this work, we outline the design and development of a permis...
J. Moedjahedy· JINAV: Journal of Informatio...· 0 citations
Maintaining a decentralized system requires a collective governance mechanism that allows participants to agree on possible changes to the system. In particular, the governance mechanism should offer a voting functionality that allows for the casting, collection, and tallying of votes in a confidential yet verifiable m...
Raghav Bhaskar, P. Farshim, Matthias Fitzi et al.· IEEE Computer Security Found...· 0 citations
This survey argues that four properties of that layer (irreversibility, signing authority, continuous autonomy, and sequence-level composition) qualitatively change the threat model, turning the recoverable failures of generic agent security into a standing, irreversible loss.
Rabimba Karanjai, Yang Lu, Nour Diallo et al.· 0 citations
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