Jul 2026· International journal of computer information systems and industrial management applications· 0 citations
TL;DR
Simulation results indicate that HOA-MEPFL-CLCT-RP outperforms existing models in terms of Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), energy efficiency, End-to-End Delay (E2D), and routing overhead.
Abstract
Routing in Flying Ad Hoc Networks (FANETs) poses challenges because of their dynamic topology and limited resources. Developing effective routing protocols (RPs) is essential to enhancing the network's Quality of Service (QoS). An example of such a protocol is the Multipath Energy-efficient and Predictive Fuzzy Logic with Consistent Link-based Copy Adaptive Transmit-based Routing Protocol (MEPFL-CLCT-RP), which utilizes backup paths based on link survival probabilities to improve the data communication and network performance. However, the protocol faces issues such as high complexity and routing overhead, particularly in environments with high mobility, which can affect scalability. This paper proposes a novel approach by incorporating the Hippopotamus Optimization Algorithm (HOA) with MEPFL-CLCT-RP for FANETs. The proposed HOA-MEPFL-CLCT-RP uses a Fuzzy Logic (FL) system to identify several suboptimal routes connecting the origin and target nodes. The HOA then ranks and selects the most reliable backup path by evaluating potential routes based on their link survival probability. This technique minimizes routing overhead and delays, ensuring smooth transitions to backup paths during link failures. Simulation results indicate that HOA-MEPFL-CLCT-RP outperforms existing models in terms of Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), energy efficiency, End-to-End Delay (E2D), and routing overhead.
Flying Ad Hoc Networks (FANETs) have become an important research area because of their ability to provide communication between unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in a wide range of applications such as military operations, agriculture, environmental monitoring, and smart transportation. However, the limited battery capacity of UAVs and the high dynamicity of FANETs make energy-efficient routing a great challenge. An efficient routing protocol should not only be energy efficient but also provide reliable communication, improve packet delivery, reduce delay, and increase network lifetime. Recently, many energy-efficient routing protocols have been proposed by researchers based on different approaches such as clustering, swarm intelligence, reinforcement learning, fuzzy logic, and hybrid techniques. Each approach has its own advantages and limitations depending on the network environment and application requirements. This paper offers an in-depth review of energy-efficient routing protocols that have been developed for FANETs. The reviewed protocols are analyzed according to their parameters used in the study, the simulator used, advantages, and limitations. We also provide comparisons that point out the strengths and weaknesses of existing approaches. In addition, this review highlights the main research challenges, such as high mobility, dynamic topology, routing overhead, scalability, and security, and discusses future research directions to design more intelligent and energy-aware routing protocols. The present review results and conclusions offer researchers a better understanding of current trends, and they also point out potential future research directions in energy-efficient FANET routing.
Ragvinder Kaur, Amit Sharma· Journal of Intelligent Decis...· 0 citations
Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETs) are a useful means for communication in military and emergency situations, as well as for various types of smart sensors and other mobile applications, since they allow mobile nodes to interact with each other without relying on a fixed communication structure. However, fast-moving and unpredictable nodes result in frequent changes to the topology of the network which also result in inconsistent route selections and more energy used to send and receive packets, thus leading to lower overall performance on the network. This paper introduces an adaptive routing scheme based on the Shrike Optimization Algorithm (ShOA) for improving MANET performance by overcoming these issues. The proposed Scheme identifies the most efficient routing paths through the use of the predation and decision-making abilities of Shrike Birds. This Shrike-based routing design reduces the amount of information lost in the form of packet losses and routing overheads, while providing reliable transfers of data by properly balancing the trade-off between exploring and exploiting. Based on extensive simulation results, the proposed ShOA-based MANET exhibits substantially improved performance in the areas of packet delivery ratios, end-to-end delay, throughput, and overall durabilitys compared to both optimization techniques currently used and conventional routing protocols. Therefore,the results support the conclusion that the Shrike Optimization Algorithm offers aviable option for developing reliable and energy-efficient mobile ad - hoc networks for communication
V. Vishu, S. Sivagnanam, L. P. Suresh et al.· International Conference on...· 0 citations
Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) face major routing problems because their network structure keeps changing, their energy levels are minimal, their nodes move between locations, and they lack any central network control systems. The traditional routing protocols Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) and Ad hoc On-Demand Multipath Distance Vector (AOMDV) face major problems in dynamic environments because they use too much energy, their routes fail too often, and their network control demands become too high. The paper introduces RML-ZEREM to solve existing limitations, which functions as a Reinforcement Learning (RL) based Zone-Based Leader-Aware Energy-Efficient Routing Protocol for MANETs. The proposed approach partitions the network into multiple zones and employs energy-aware leader node selection to manage routing operations efficiently. The system uses Q-learning to create an adaptive routing system that chooses the best routing paths according to current network conditions, including residual energy levels, node movement, traffic intensity, and link reliability. The proposed protocol performance assessment uses the NS-2.35 simulator to test different simulation conditions, which include various simulation durations, node mobility rates, network capacity, and simulation area size. The simulation results show that RML-ZEREM achieves better performance than traditional AODV and AOMDV protocols through its ability to increase throughput while decreasing energy usage, improving packet delivery ratio, and reducing routing overhead. The zone-based hierarchical structure enhances network stability and scalability for MANET systems that operate in dynamic environments. The RML-ZEREM protocol functions as an intelligent routing system that adjusts its operations to achieve energy efficiency through its framework, which serves next-generation MANET applications.
Rani Sahu, Babita Rathore· Journal of Intelligent Compu...· 0 citations
A new Enhanced Intelligent-based Energy and Mobility, and Obstacle-aware Clustering (EIEMOC) protocol to control the network congestion while meeting End-to-End Delay (E2D) constraints in delay-constrained FANET applications.
J. Rajeswari, R. Kousalya· International Journal of Ele...· 0 citations
Flying ad-hoc networks (FANETs) are decentralized systems of autonomous unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) that must self-organize and sustain connectivity in dynamic and uncertain environments. These networks are invaluable where infrastructure is absent or damaged, yet they face strict energy limitations: battery-powered UAVs acting as communication relays near gateways deplete faster, leading to the hot-spot problem and progressive network fragmentation. This paper introduces RAMNA, a resource-aware optimizing algorithm designed to maximize network availability by autonomously repositioning UAVs at runtime. RAMNA continuously monitors network energy balance and link quality, and triggers adaptive role-swaps among UAVs to prevent premature depletion of critical nodes. We evaluate RAMNA across 66 heterogeneous topology scenarios, comparing it with the state-of-the-art Swap Level algorithm and a passive baseline, using real UAV energy consumption profiles that include both mobility and communication costs. Results show that RAMNA increases network availability by 85.5%–175.9% over passive operation and achieves up to 23.8 percentage-point improvement over Swap Level. We discuss how RAMNA contributes to the self-healing and self-optimization properties required for resilient, long-lived flying ad-hoc networks operating under energy uncertainty.
L. Pinto, Miguel Catarro, Alan Oliveira de Sá· SEAMS@ICSE· 0 citations
To overcome the inherent compromises between proactive and reactive data transmission in Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs), this research introduces a novel framework tailored for highly unstable vehicular topologies. The developed system, termed the Dynamic Hybrid Routing Protocol (DHRP), merges the Optimised Link State Routing (OLSR) and Ad-hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) algorithms. A core feature of this architecture is its cross-layer power management module, which dynamically recalibrates transmission strength and routing paths by analysing real-time vehicle clustering and speed metrics. Comprehensive evaluations conducted via NS-3 and SUMO indicate that the proposed DHRP significantly surpasses both contemporary benchmarks and standard baselines. Notably, the architecture achieves a Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR) exceeding 90%, limits communication latency to well below the critical 40 ms safety boundary, and slashes energy expenditure by up to 90%. By effectively solving the traditional routing dichotomy, DHRP offers a highly scalable and sustainable communication backbone vital for the reliable operation of future Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS).