Disruption of Women's Human Rights Protection in the Digital Ecosystem: A Normative Juridical Analysis of Online Gender-Based Violence

Abstract

Rapid digital transformation has intensified Online Gender-Based Violence (OGBV) against women in Indonesia, with 376,529 recorded cases in 2025, while legal protection remains fragmented between the general human rights framework and sexual violence legislation. This study examines the adequacy of legal protection for women victims of OGBV under Law No. 39 of 1999 on Human Rights, Law No. 12 of 2022 on Sexual Violence Crimes, and Government Regulation No. 30 of 2025, and formulates legal arguments for strengthening such protection. This study employed doctrinal legal research using a statutory approach, drawing on primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials collected through library and document research. The findings indicate that legal protection has evolved from normative recognition toward more operational enforcement and prevention mechanisms. However, complaint-based prosecution requirements, jurisdictional limitations, and the absence of specific criminal regulation for non-sexual forms of OGBV continue to create protection gaps. The novelty of this study lies in integrating the three legal instruments into a unified legal framework linking human rights guarantees, criminal protection, and preventive regulation, assessed against the anonymous, cross-border, rapidly evolving, and repetitive nature of OGBV. The study contributes to the lex generalis and lex specialis discourse on digital rights protection and offers recommendations for broader interpretation of human rights provisions and stronger cross-jurisdictional enforcement mechanisms.