Pricing-Aware Coordination of Fixed and Mobile EV Charging Stations on Highway Networks

Abstract

Highway electric vehicle (EV) charging systems experience severe congestion during peak-demand periods, where fixed charging station (CS) capacity is often insufficient to satisfy temporally clustered requests. This paper proposes a coordinated charging framework integrating fixed CSs with mobile charging stations (MCSs) under a pricing-aware operational model. A state-of-charge (SoC)-based tariff mechanism is introduced, where EV user acceptance is explicitly modeled through price-dependent decision rules. The problem is formulated as a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) model that jointly optimizes charging schedules, service allocation, and MCS battery operation to maximize a quality-of-service (QoS)-oriented objective based on demand satisfaction and service coverage. The proposed framework is evaluated under a highway peak-demand scenario with realistic EV characteristics and three pricing schemes. Results demonstrate that coordinated CS-MCS operation significantly improves service coverage, energy demand satisfaction, and operator profitability compared to standalone CS operation, while an appropriately designed pricing strategy enables a balanced trade-off between user participation and economic performance.