Perancangan Sistem Sensor Parkir Mundur Berbasis Arduino Menggunakan Sensor Ultrasonik dan Modul Suara

Abstract

 Reversing in narrow areas with limited visibility increases the risk of collision, while many vehicles lack built-in parking sensors. Previous studies have developed Arduino-based parking sensors with buzzer or verbal voice warnings, but their performance evaluation is generally limited to functional tests or aggregate accuracy. This study designs an Arduino-based reverse parking sensor system using an HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensor, an MP3 shield sound module, a buzzer, and a 16×2 LCD that classifies distance into five categories with graduated verbal instructions, and evaluates its performance quantitatively. An engineering approach was applied, comprising literature study, hardware and software design, prototype implementation, and experimental testing at ten distances from 10 to 200 cm with three repetitions. The results show an average accuracy of 98.76% (relative error 1.24%) and an average response time of 66.5 ms per cycle. Error analysis revealed a positive systematic bias following a linear model (R² = 0.99996); a linear calibration correction validated by leave-one-distance-out cross-validation reduced the mean absolute error from 0.92 cm to 0.37 cm. The system reaches Technology Readiness Level 4 and has potential as a low-cost parking aid.