Integrative Experimental and Bibliometric Study on the Antifungal Efficacy of Phytochemicals from Chenopodium album (Bathua) Seeds and Leaves in Reducing Fungal Growth in Bengal Gram under Field Conditions

Abstract

Background: Chenopodium album is a widely distributed weed native to Europe and Asia, thriving in subtropical, tropical and temperate climates. Owing to its broad occurrence and phytochemical richness, it has gained attention as a potential source of antifungal compounds. The present study investigates the antifungal potential of Chenopodium album extracts and emphasises the importance of identifying bioactive molecules to develop effective fungicides against fungal phytopathogens affecting Bengal gram crops. Methods: Fresh leaf extracts of Chenopodium album were prepared using different organic solvents, including Methanol, Ethyl acetate, Butyl alcohol, Benzene and Water. The antifungal efficacy of these extracts was evaluated against Fusarium oxysporum infection through pot culture experiments on infected Bengal gram plants. Physiological alterations and disease symptoms were also assessed. Furthermore, GC-MS analysis was employed to identify the bioactive compounds responsible for antifungal activity. A bibliometric analysis based on the Scopus database was conducted to evaluate global research trends related to Chenopodium album. Result: Among all tested extracts, the Benzene extract exhibited the highest antifungal activity against Fusarium oxysporum, significantly reducing fungal spores and disease severity in Bengal gram plants. The treatment also improved physiological parameters and reduced leaf yellowing symptoms associated with infection. GC-MS analysis confirmed the presence of bioactive phytochemicals responsible for suppressing fungal phytopathogens. Bibliometric findings revealed a steady global increase in publications on Chenopodium album, reflecting growing scientific interest in its antifungal properties and phytochemical applications.