A survey-based evaluation of aquaculture practices, constraints, and farmer knowledge in the peri-urban region of NCR, India

Abstract

Aquaculture is one of the fastest-growing food production sectors worldwide and plays a crucial role in ensuring food security, nutrition, and livelihoods. In India, this sector significantly contributes to employment and income generation, especially among smallholder farmers. This study assessed the status, practices, and key constraints of freshwater fish farming in the peri-urban areas of the National Capital Region (NCR) of India. Data were collected via a structured questionnaire survey conducted from September 2021 to April 2022 across four districts of NCR: Gautam Buddha Nagar, Ghaziabad, Bulandshahr (Uttar Pradesh), and Sonipat (Haryana), covering 100 fish farms. According to the findings of the survey, the most common species farmed (98%) were Indian major carps (Catla catla, Labeo rohita, and Cirrhinus mrigala), and the primary source of water was groundwater along with mixed sources such as canal and untreated sewage water. More than half of the farmers were not aware enough of important water quality parameters like ammonia, dissolved oxygen (DO), and pH. Moreover, 28% regularly monitored water quality, and merely 5% demonstrated comprehensive knowledge of water-quality parameters. Additionally, farmers lacked knowledge about the appropriate use of antimicrobials. The main obstacles included poaching, poor market connections, high input costs, limited or very low access to technical equipment, and insufficient professional assistance. Statistical analysis using the chi-square test revealed a significant correlation between farming practices and geographic location. A statistically significant association was observed between knowledge constraints and testing frequency and methods (p<0.001). Overall, a significant knowledge gap was observed among farmers, impacting water quality management. To improve the sustainability and productivity of smallholder aquaculture in the NCR region, the study emphasises the necessity of better technical trainings with extension services and water quality monitoring programmes. Thus, this initiative study would certainly lead to the nation's nutritional stability and development goals in aquaculture.