Impact of Severity and Surgical Timing on Neurodevelopmental and Ophthalmologic Outcomes in Isolated Sagittal Craniosynostosis

Abstract

Objective: Craniosynostosis can lead to anatomic deformation of the cranial vault, skull base, and orbits. Select phenotypes of craniosynostosis are associated with ophthalmologic comorbidities including strabismus, refractive changes, and anisometropia. The objective of this study is to determine the incidence of ophthalmologic comorbidities and compare the severity of refractory errors before and after cranial vault remodeling (CVR) for craniosynostosis. Methods: Retrospective review of patients who underwent surgical correction for craniosynostosis with perioperative ophthal-mology exams was conducted. Data points gathered included gender, race/ethnicity, craniosynostosis phenotype, surgical approach, surgical repair technique, syndromic, second cranio-synostosis surgery required, strabismus type, refractory errors, development of amblyopia, and development of anisometropia. Cycloplegic refraction data was collected and subdivided into pre-operative, early post-operative (1 month to 6 months), and post-operative (1