How just is the global ‘just energy transition’? Perspectives from the Global SouthM THE GLOBAL SOUTH

Abstract

The concept of a just energy transition (JET) aims to balance the urgent need for decarbonisation with social equity. However, the implementation of this transition remains deeply uneven, particularly in the Global South. Moreover, many developing countries face financial, infrastructural, and socio-economic barriers that make this transition challenging. This paper critically examines whether the global JET is truly just, highlighting key disparities in financing, technology access, and policy frameworks. Using case studies from Africa, Latin America, and South Asia, it explores how historical inequalities, geopolitical power dynamics, and climate finance gaps shape the transition. This study conducted a systematic literature review, following the PRISMA 2020 guidelines, to critically analyse the current position of the JET in countries of the Global South. Following a systematic identification, screening and eligibility assessment process, 14 studies were considered appropriate for inclusion. The review found that while Global South nations have made progress towards a JET, an unjust transition persists and presents its own geopolitical landscape. It also revealed challenges that still need to be addressed, including optimising existing processes, addressing inequalities, and effectively utilising emerging technologies. The review recommends, among others, that access to information be improved, better coordination be fostered to scaffold the transition, and specific investment needs, gaps, and funding mechanisms for the transition to just energy in the Global South be addressed. The study will assist developing countries to benefit from the JET process and will contribute to the renewable energy transition body of knowledge.