Nurse-Relevant Digital Health Interventions and Their Impact on Self-Management and Self-Efficacy in Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review

Abstract

Objective. To systematically review randomized controlled trials examining the impact of nurse-relevant digital health interventions on self-management, self-efficacy, and clinical outcomes among adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus T2DM. Methods. A systematic review was conducted in accordance with PRISMA 2020 guidelines. PubMed, CINAHL, MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar were searched for randomized controlled trials published between 2020 and 2024. Studies involving adults with T2DM or prediabetes who received nurse-relevant digital interventions were included. Outcomes related to self-management, self-efficacy, and clinical indicators were extracted. Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias 2 tool. Results. Fourteen randomized controlled trials were included. Most studies reported significant improvements in diabetes self-management behaviors and self-efficacy in intervention groups. Reductions in haemoglobin A1c levels were consistently observed, along with improvements in weight, physical activity, medication adherence, and psychosocial outcomes, particularly in nurse-led or nurse-supported interventions. Conclusion. Nurse-relevant digital health interventions effectively enhance self-management, self-efficacy, and selected clinical outcomes in adults with T2DM. Integrating nurse-supported digital technologies into routine care may strengthen diabetes management and patient empowerment.