Advanced Piezoelectric Nanogenerators for Next-Generation Self-Powered Nano-Bio Sensors

Abstract

Two-dimensional (2D) material-based piezoelectric nanogenerators (PENGs) are emerging as efficient energy-harvesting devices that convert mechanical stimuli into electrical energy. Owing to their tunable electronic, mechanical, and structural characteristics, 2D materials, including TMDs, MXenes, h-BN, etc., offer significant advantages in flexibility, durability, and low-power operation, making them highly suitable for next-generation self-powered systems. This review systematically highlights recent advances in 2D material-based PENGs, emphasizing fabrication strategies, performance optimization, electromechanical coupling enhancement, and their applications in self-powered nano-biosensors. The interdependence between material properties, device architecture, and measurement conditions is comprehensively analyzed to establish robust structure-performance relationships. Furthermore, critical challenges, including low output power, signal instability, integration complexity, and the lack of standardized evaluation protocols, are systematically analyzed. Emerging strategies to enhance energy-harvesting efficiency, signal reliability, and device scalability are also highlighted. Overall, this review establishes a unified framework for the rational design and advancement of high-performance 2D PENGs, providing key insights for their practical implementation in portable, wearable, and autonomous self-powered systems.