Phthalates: the interplay between diet, obesity, diabetes, and gut microbiota

Abstract

Millions of tons of plastic are produced worldwide each year. Currently, it is almost impossible to avoid plastic and exposure to its effects. There are many chemical compounds that are used in its production. Some of them, classified as plasticizers, are phthalates, which are found in food packaging, toys, and many cosmetics. They give plastics durability, flexibility, and heat resistance. Humanity is exposed to these substances primarily through ingestion, i.e., processed food and its storage, and through inhalation of polluted air. Consequently, phthalates and their metabolites can be detected in the human body. Due to their ubiquity, they pose a global threat to human health. They contribute to overweight and obesity, insulin resistance, diabetes, and disorders of the nervous and endocrine systems. The purpose of this article was to review existing research on the impact of phthalates on diet, the development of obesity, and diabetes.