Linking Agroecology, Livelihoods, and Sustainability in Community Forests: Insights from Bukit Daun and Bukit Balai Rejang Protected Forest, Bengkulu, Indonesia

Abstract

Community forestry in Indonesia has been promoted to strengthen rural livelihoods while conserving forest ecosystems. However, its sustainability remains uncertain due to ecological vulnerabilities and socio-economic dependence. This study analyzes the sustainability of community forestry in the Bukit Daun and Bukit Balai Rejang Protected Forests, Bengkulu Province, by linking agroecological principles with the Sustainable Livelihoods Approach. Primary data were collected from 308 households across 16 Forest Farmer Group Associations through structured interviews. A composite sustainability index was developed using MCDA, and causal relationships were examined through SEM-PLS. The findings show that its sustainability is primarily driven by biodiversity, soil and water conservation, market access, and cultural-cognitive pillars of institutional arrangements, while technological innovation and social participation contribute more marginally. Agroecological principles and livelihood resources significantly enhance sustainability, both directly and indirectly, with agroforestry revenue serving as a key mediator. Subjective well-being exerts a direct positive effect on sustainability, underscoring the psychosocial aspects of resilience. This study demonstrates that sustaining community forestry requires not only ecological practices and livelihood diversification but also stronger regulatory institutions, technological innovation, and inclusive participation. The findings contribute to global debates on community-based forestry by demonstrating how local agroecological practices and livelihood assets can secure both community welfare and ecological integrity.