“More Feedback, Please”: Student Perceptions of Active Learning Strategies for Formative Assessment to Enhance Sustainable Learning in Higher Education

Abstract

This study examines a persistent puzzle in active learning research in education: why do pedagogically sound interventions not always translate into perceived student value? We analyzed Information and Communications (ICT) Engineering students’ perceptions of three structurally distinct activities (weekly quizzes, individual concept maps, and a finance escape room) within a compulsory business course. Using bipolar laddering, 133 positive and 72 negative perception elements were mapped onto four dimensions of theSustainable Learning in Education (SLE) framework: renewal and relearning, transferability, independent and collaborative learning, and active learning. Self-regulated learning (SRL) functioned as the mechanism linking environmental dimensions to student agency and engagement. Students perceived all three activities as useful for examination preparation, but through different cognitive pathways. Quizzes supported distributed retrieval practice and were valued for re-attempts, though their usefulness declined with weak exam alignment or limited access. Concept maps enabled synthesis and relational understanding, yet received the lowest student endorsement, largely because in some instances student work was not returned post-submission. The escape room achieved the strongest and most consistent endorsement for exam preparation, with perceived limitations related only to activity duration and syllabus coverage. Activity alignment with SLE dimensions was uneven: quizzes aligned principally with renewal, concept maps with transferability, and all activities with independent and collaborative learning in distinct ways. Active learning was present throughout, but not uniform. The central finding was that perceived usefulness depended less on activity type than on feedback distribution and continuity. When feedback loops broke, perceived value declined. Together, the activities, therefore, form a complementary course-level feedback system. Through this case study, we identified five design recommendations to be implemented in the next edition of the course, positioning feedback as a system-level variable.