A REVIEW OF ENABLING TECHNOLOGIES AND CONTROL ARCHITECTURES ON INTEGRATED IoT-BASED AUTONOMOUS LIGHTING AND HVAC OPTIMISATION

Abstract

Residential buildings are consistently reported to account for a large share of global electricity consumption, with lighting and heating, ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems constituting the dominant loads. This paper critically reviews the literature on Internet of Things (IoT)-enabled autonomous lighting and HVAC optimisation in smart homes, tracing the evolution of home energy management from manual and rule-based control to sensor-driven, edge-capable architectures. The review examines conceptual foundations of smart home energy management systems, IoT communication architectures, autonomous lighting and HVAC control strategies, hybrid manual–voice–autonomous control schemes, and empirical studies on occupancy sensing and load management. Recurring limitations identified across the literature include the fragmented treatment of lighting and HVAC as isolated subsystems, weak real-time occupancy adaptation, over-reliance on cloud connectivity, and shallow load-level energy visibility. These gaps motivate the development of an integrated, edge-resilient, and cost-effective IoT architecture capable of coordinating lighting, thermal comfort, precision load monitoring and renewable energy analytics within a single residential system.