From Neglected Desert Vine to Promising Bio-Resource: Phytochemistry, Biological Activities, Poultry Applications, and Ecological Significance of Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad.

Abstract

Simple Summary Citrullus colocynthis (bitter apple) is a drought-tolerant medicinal plant traditionally used to treat various disorders and increasingly investigated for its pharmacological, agricultural, and ecological potential. Available studies suggest that its bioactive compounds possess diverse biological activities, while preliminary evidence indicates possible applications in poultry nutrition and rangeland restoration. Despite a rich history in traditional medicine, its modern application is severely restricted by inherent organ toxicity, extreme bitterness, invasive growth habits, and highly variable bioactive compound concentrations that complicate safe dosage standardization. To safely unlock the plant’s full therapeutic and agricultural value, future research must urgently prioritize toxicity reduction strategies, establish standardized extraction protocols, and conduct robust clinical and feeding trials.