Comparative Assessment of Metabolic, Oxidative Stress and Inflammatory Biomarkers in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic illness characterized by persistent hyperglycemia and complex biochemical disequilibrium in carbohydrate, lipid, and protein metabolism. The objective of this research was to investigate the biochemical pathways of diabetes mellitus by evaluating metabolic and oxidative stress and inflammatory biomarkers in diabetic patients and healthy populations. Understanding these changes provides insight into the pathophysiology of the disease and potential therapies. A comparative analytical study was conducted where 60 participants were recruited (30 patients with diabetes, 50%, and 30 healthy controls, 50%). Venous blood samples (810 mL) were taken following 812 hours of fasting, and serum and plasma were separated. The biochemical parameters were fasting blood glucose (FBG), glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), fasting insulin, lipid profile, oxidative stress (malondialdehyde, MDA), antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, SOD, and catalase, CAT), and inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-alpha, TNF-alpha, and interleukin-6, IL-6). Data were analyzed using statistical software; results were presented as mean ± standard deviation and frequencies and percentages, respectively. A p-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Findings showed that diabetic patients had much higher levels of FBG (162.4 ± 28.7 mg/dL) and HbA1c (8.1 ± 1.2%), respectively, than controls (92.6 ± 10.3mg/dL and 5.2 ± 0.4%, respectively; p < 0.001). Approximately 93 percent of serum insulin increased, and total cholesterol and triglycerides increased by 24 percent and 56 percent, respectively, and HDL-C decreased by 21 percent. Oxidative stress and inflammatory markers were also considerably increased, where MDA rose 85 percent, TNF-alpha rose 71 percent, and IL-6 rose 88 percent. These results highlight the metabolic, oxidative, and inflammatory disequilibrium of diabetes mellitus and suggest possible biomarkers for disease surveillance and treatment