The Age of Enlightenment: Revolution in Thought and Politics, and European Thinkers

Abstract

This research explores the fundamental transition of European civilization from the theocentric constraints of the Middle Ages to the intellectual liberation of the Renaissance and the Enlightenment. It examines how the shift toward humanism, rationalism, and empirical science dismantled the "Dark Ages" and established the foundations of modern Western identity. The study analyzes the contributions of pivotal figures like Copernicus and Galileo, alongside the evolution of political theories that eventually catalyzed global industrial and social revolutions.