Bocachico (Ichthyoelephas humeralis) en Ecuador: revisión sistemática y análisis espacial de su distribución

Abstract

Ichthyoelephas humeralis (bocachico) is a native fish species of high ecological and socioeconomic importance in Ecuador. This study integrates a systematic review and a spatial analysis to synthesize its distribution, biology, ecological requirements, economic importance, threats, and conservation strategies. Under the PRISMA 2020 protocol, 29 available studies on the species were analyzed, primarily addressing biological, ecological, and use aspects. Additionally, presence records from GBIF and IUCN, projected onto the provincial boundaries of Ecuador. Environmental conditions were characterized by mean annual temperature (bio1) and annual precipitation (bio12) obtained from WorldClim, as well as altitude derived from digital elevation models. The information gathered reports of the economic and food importance of the species, as well as its presence in river systems of the coastal region and its association with specific environmental conditions. Pressures related to overexploitation, habitat alteration, and limited availability of information on its management are also identified. Its classification as Near Threatened (NT) highlights the need to strengthen monitoring, the generation of scientific information, and the development of sustainable management strategies aimed at its conservation.