Advances in Genetic Enhancement, Processing Innovation and Sustainable Valorization of Jute (Corchorus spp.): A Critical Review
Abstract
The accelerating global shift toward environmentally responsible material systems has intensified scientific and industrial interest in lignocellulosic bast fibres. Jute (Corchorus spp.) remains one of the most economically and ecologically significant natural fibres due to its renewability, biodegradability, and substantial contribution to rural livelihoods. This review critically synthesizes contemporary progress in genetic improvement, fibre structural optimization, retting biotechnology, surface engineering, and composite integration. Emphasis is placed on genomics-assisted breeding, targeted lignin pathway modulation, eco-efficient fibre extraction systems, and performance enhancement through physicochemical modification. Environmental sustainability and circular bioeconomy integration are evaluated through life cycle perspectives. Existing technological constraints and research gaps are identified to outline a future-oriented interdisciplinary roadmap for sustainable expansion of the jute sector. Furthermore, recent advancements in digital agriculture, including pr ecision phenotyping, remote sensing, and data-driven decision support systems, have significantly enhanced the efficiency of jute cultivation and resource management. The integration of nanotechnology and green chemistry approaches has opened new avenues for developing high-performance, value-added jute-based materials with improved mechanical strength, durability, and functional properties such as antimicrobial and flame-retardant behavior. Socio-economic considerations, particularly the role of jute in supporting smallholder farmers and promoting sustainable rural development, are also highlighted. Policy frameworks and international market dynamics influencing the adoption of eco-friendly jute products are discussed. Collectively, these developments reinforce the potential of jute as a cornerstone of sustainable materials innovation and a key contributor to global environmental resilience and circular bioeconomy initiatives.