Deciding Factors of India’s Foreign Policy

Abstract

India’s foreign policy has evolved continuously since independence in response to the interaction of domestic priorities, strategic interests, and changes in the international system. This paper examines the major factors that shape India’s foreign policy and influence its engagement with regional and global actors. It highlights geography and historical experience as enduring determinants, while national security, economic interests, energy requirements, technological advancement, domestic politics, political leadership, and public opinion constitute important dynamic influences. Particular attention is given to India’s relations with neighbouring countries, major powers, and multilateral organisations, as well as its growing engagement with the Indo-Pacific, Southeast Asia, and West Asia. The paper also discusses the significance of maritime security, terrorism, nuclear policy, the Indian diaspora, climate change, and global economic interdependence in contemporary foreign-policy formulation. It argues that strategic autonomy remains a central characteristic of India’s external relations, enabling the country to maintain diverse partnerships without becoming permanently aligned with any single power bloc. The study concludes that India’s foreign policy represents a continuing effort to balance national security, economic development, international cooperation, and strategic flexibility in an increasingly complex global order.