Psychological Factors Affecting the Mental Health of Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) in Manipur: A Thematic Literature Review

Abstract

Internal displacement resulting from armed conflict and ethnic violence poses a serious threat to psychological well-being, particularly among populations living in prolonged conditions of insecurity and deprivation. This thematic literature review examines the psychological factors affecting the mental health of internally displaced persons (IDPs), with particular emphasis on the experiences of displaced populations in Manipur, India, following the ethnic violence that began in May 2023. The review synthesises evidence from studies conducted in Manipur and other conflict-affected settings, focusing on trauma-related disorders, anxiety, depression, social isolation, family separation, socioeconomic deprivation, coping strategies, and barriers to mental health-care utilisation. The literature indicates a substantial burden of psychological morbidity among IDPs in Manipur, with PTSD and generalised anxiety emerging as major concerns. Trauma exposure, including witnessing property destruction and loss of family members, is strongly associated with adverse psychological outcomes. Women, children, and individuals experiencing family separation appear particularly vulnerable. Furthermore, inadequate shelter, food insecurity, limited livelihood opportunities, poor sanitation, safety concerns, and restricted access to healthcare contribute to persistent psychological distress. In contrast, adaptive coping strategies, social and family support, economic improvement, and culturally appropriate interventions such as yoga and meditation may promote psychological resilience and recovery. The review also highlights significant institutional barriers, including inadequate mental-health infrastructure, shortages of trained professionals, fragmented referral systems, financial constraints, stigma, and the absence of a comprehensive national policy framework for IDPs in India. The findings emphasise that addressing the mental health of IDPs requires an integrated, trauma-informed, culturally responsive, and community-based approach that combines psychological care with family support, socioeconomic rehabilitation, and systemic policy interventions.