Synthesis of Stellaria media-based bioactive hybrid nanoflowers for peroxidase-like activity and antibacterial applications

Abstract

In this study, Cu₃(PO₄)₂ hybrid nanoflowers(hNFs) were successfully synthesized via Stellaria media (L.) Vill. (1789) (Sm) using a simple biomimetic approach. The synthesized SmhNFs were comprehensively characterized. Imaging analyses confirmed the synthesis of hierarchical flower-like nanostructures with a multilayered petal architecture. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) and zeta potential analyses revealed a relatively homogeneous particle distribution and negatively charged surface properties. FTIR spectra confirmed the interaction between phytochemical compounds and Cu-phosphate structures during SmhNF formation, showing the presence of hydroxyl, carbonyl, phosphate, and Cu–O related functional groups. This study demonstrated that the synthesized SmhNFs exhibited significant peroxidase-mimic catalytic activity. Additionally, antibacterial activity was evaluated against Klebsiella pneumoniae and Streptococcus pneumoniae. The results revealed that SmhNFs exhibited enhanced antibacterial performance compared to pure Cu₃(PO₄)₂ crystals and plant extract alone. The improved biological activity is explained by the synergistic effects of Cu²⁺ ions, formation of reactive oxygen species, and high surface area of hybrid nanoflower architecture.