Economic Development Strategies Based on Food Self-Sufficiency in Indonesia: An Ends-Ways-Means Analysis

Abstract

This study analyzes economic development strategies based on food self-sufficiency using the Ends-Ways-Means framework. A qualitative approach employing literature review and policy analysis was adopted, drawing on government publications, statistical data, and scientific literature. Findings indicate significant progress: rice production increased 13.29% to 60.21 million tons in 2025, rice imports declined 57.17%, and the Prevalence of Undernourishment decreased to 7.89%. Strategies include irrigation rehabilitation, government purchase price adjustments, fertilizer subsidies, agricultural modernization, and dual-track land policy. However, regional disparities, budget absorption constraints (72.41%), and human resource limitations persist. Food self-sufficiency can serve as an economic development strategy supporting national resilience when underpinned by integrated policies, equitable resource distribution, institutional strengthening, and sustainable financing. The findings recommend stronger agricultural governance, closer coordination among ministries, higher budget absorption, and smaller regional food security gaps through affirmative action and fiscal incentives. The study extends strategic studies into development economics. It also shows how food self-sufficiency can drive inclusive growth and national resilience, supporting the “Golden Indonesia 2045” vision.