Mosques in The Malay World: Faith, Prosperity, and Maqāṣid Al-Sharī‘ah Perspective on Women-Friendly Practices

Abstract

This paper explores the historical trajectory and contemporary functions of mosques in the Malay World by conceptualizing them as multifaceted socio-religious institutions. By emphasizing the multiple roles and functions of mosques, the study examines the dynamic intersections of religious authority, socio-economic practices, and gender responsiveness. Methodologically, this study employs a qualitative research design, drawing on participant observation, in-depth interviews, and the analysis of secondary sources. Data were collected from four mosques in Indonesia and Malaysia, representing both national and community-based mosque models. The findings show that mosques in these contexts operate across religious, educational, social, health-related, and economic domains through initiatives oriented toward community empowerment, with particular attention to women’s participation and women-friendly mosque practices. The novelty of this study lies in its cross-national comparative analysis of mosques in Indonesia and Malaysia, which connects the historical and contemporary functions of mosques with the principles of maqāṣid al-sharī‘ah and gender-responsive institutional practices. Theoretically, this study contributes to mosque studies by proposing that mosques can be understood as community welfare institutions that integrate the protection of religion, intellect, life, wealth, and social dignity through inclusive and context-sensitive governance. In addition, the mosques examined in this study play a significant role in fostering moderate religious discourses, advancing inclusive religious practices, strengthening community prosperity, and enhancing gender responsiveness in the Malay World.