Electro-assisted delivery of quantum dots: Current advances and perspectives in cancer theranostics

Abstract

High-voltage electric pulses induce transient permeabilization of the cell membrane (electroporation), thereby facilitating the intracellular delivery of molecules that would otherwise be unable to cross the lipid bilayer. This approach has been successfully applied in electrochemotherapy (ECT), significantly enhancing the therapeutic efficacy of anticancer agents. In recent years, quantum dots (QDs) have attracted considerable attention as promising nanomaterials for cancer theranostics owing to their exceptional optical properties, high photostability, and multifunctional capabilities. However, the efficient and safe intracellular delivery of QDs remains a major challenge. This review summarizes current knowledge regarding the electro-assisted delivery of QDs, with particular emphasis on the role of electroporation in enhancing cellular uptake. We discuss available in vitro and in vivo studies, examine the key parameters affecting delivery efficiency, and address important issues related to cytotoxicity and biocompatibility. Furthermore, we highlight the potential of integrating electroporation-based techniques with QD nanotechnology as an innovative strategy for cancer theranostics. Finally, current limitations, challenges, and future perspectives for clinical translation are discussed.